Alternative Treatment for Diabetes

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Thanks just take a look through, if you can help me on any of these, anything would help!!!

1) Constriction of which of the following increases blood pressure within the glomeruli?

a. interlobular arteries
b. vasa recta
c. efferent arterioles
d. afferent arterioles

2) Regulation of sodium/potassium content of the glomerular filtrate occurs in the

a. glomerular capsule
b. proximal convulated tubule
c.distal convulated tubule
d. collecting duct

3) Which of the following forms of membrane transport are used to transport amino acids

a. osmosis
b. faciliated diffusion
c. active transport
d. secondary active transport

4) When glucose is present in the filtrate, the urine volume will be

a. greater than normal
b. less than normal

5) The change in urine volume seen in the previous question is due to which of the following?

a. filtration
b. secretion
c. reabsorption
d. osmosis

6) Most sodium transport occurs across the membranes of the

a. proximal convoluted tubule
b. nephron loop
c. distal convoluted tubule
d. collecting duct

7) Which of the following structures is considered to be a counter-current multiplier?

a. vasa recta
b. peritubular capillaries
c. ascending/descending segments of the vasa recta
d. collecting ducts

Which of the following functions to increase glomerular filtration rate?

a. dilation of afferent arterioles
b. secretion of anit-diuretic hormone
c. secretion of aldosterone
d. secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide

9) Which of the following channels are used to reabsorb sodium ions into the blood?

a. hormone regulated (ligand- gated) channel
b. symport channels
c. antiport channels
d. active transport pumps

10) After secretion of the products of drug detoxification from peritubular blood into the glomerular filtrate, the filtrate would contain

a. less drug products then present in the afferent arteriole blood prior to filtration
b. more drug products then present in the peritubular blood
c. more drug products then in the glomerular filtrate in the Bowman’s capsule
d. the same amount of drug products in the filtrate as in the peritubular blood

11) The portal system of the kidneys is identified as a(n)

a. arterial portal system
b. venous portal system

12) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is synthesized by cells of the

a. afferent arteriole
b. efferent arteriole
c. distal tubule
d. lungs

13) Which of the following cells demonstrate the enzyme carbonic anhydrase

a. erythrocytes
b. simple squamous cells lining capillaries
c. simple cubodial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules
d. simple cubodial cells of the distal convoluted tubules

14) Which of the following substances would be secreted into the glommerular filtrate

a. ammonia
b. creatinine
c. hydrogen ions
d. potassium ions

15) Hydrogen ions are capable of diffusing across which of the following:

a. basolateral membrane of the simple cuboidal epitheliun (proximal convoluted)
b. apical membrane of the simple cuboidal epitheliun (proximal convoluted tubule)
c. simple squamous cell of the peritubular capillary
d. simple squamous cell of the parietal layer of renal capsule

16) Which of the following demonstrates the presence of water channels (aquaporin)

a. proximal convoluted tubule
b. descending limb of nephron loop
c. ascending limb of nephron loop
d. collecting ducts

17) The process of hydrogen ion secretion occurs via which of the following mechanisms

a. hydrogen ions duffuse out of the glomerular filtrate of the PCT, through extracellular fluid and into peritubular blood
b. hydrogen ions diffuse out of the peritubular blood, through extracellular fluid and into the fluid of the PCT
c. carbon dioxide diffuses into the PCT cell from peritubular blood; undergoes a chemical reaction to form carbonic acid; dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ios and the hydrogen ion diffuses into the glomerular filtrate of the PCT
d. carbon dioxide diffuses into the PCT cell from peritubular blood; undergoes a chemical reaction to form carbonic acid; dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ios and the hydrogen ion diffuses into the peritubular blood

18) Which of the following increases water reabsorption and results in the production of urine with higher osmolality than that produced without it

a. aldosterone
b. anti-diuretic hormone
c. atrial natrurietic hormone
d. angiotenin II

19) Which of the following are the major buffer(s) within glomerular filtrate

a. phosphate
b. protein
c. hemoglobin
d. ammonia (ammonium ion)

20) Which of the following would result in metabolic acidosis

a. diabetes mellitus
b. diarrhea
c. extensive gastric vomiting
d. pneumonia

21) BIcarbonate ions are capable of diffusion across which of the following components:

a. basolateral membrane of the simple cuboidal spitheli

Technorati Tags: active transport, afferent arteriole, amino acids, antiport, distal convoluted tubule, diuretic hormone, drug detoxification, faciliated diffusion, glomerular filtrate, glomerular filtration rate, Glomeruli, natriuretic peptide, peritubular capillaries, potassium content, proximal convoluted tubule, sodium ions, sodium potassium, sodium transport, symport, urine volume, vasa recta